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Spencer Model 1860 Repeating Rifle
This Spencer rifle bears serial number 4452 and was manufactured in 1863.
The Spencer rifle, with its lever action, seven shot tubular
magazine and internally-primed metallic-cased cartridge, was a
popular wartime breechloader. Its inventor, Christopher Spencer,
was a native of Connecticut and a former employee of Samuel Colt.
His design was one of the most technologically-advanced arms of the
Civil War era, but because of the time required to sell both his
idea and his guns to the U.S. government, they were not available
until 1863.
These modern arms, in both rifle and carbine configuration, were
more than a match for anything that the Confederates could muster.
The firepower of the Spencer was used with devastating effect on
many Civil War battlefields. In its first combat test,
Spencer-armed Union troops under the command of Colonel John Wilder
earned the nickname "Lightning Brigade" when they defeated a
numerically-superior Confederate force at the Battle of Hoover's
Gap, Tennessee on June 24, 1863.
One week later, the Spencer again saw action in the hands of
troopers of the 5th Michigan Cavalry Regiment of George Custer's
Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg. Spencers continued to serve
through the end of the Civil War, and saw action during the Indian
Wars as well.
Christian Minor Spencer was born in Manchester, Connecticut on
June 20, 1833. At age 11, he went to live with his maternal
grandfather, Josiah Hollister, a veteran of the Revolutionary War.
It was there that young Christian learned the rudiments of wood-
and metalworking. By the age of 14, Spencer was apprenticed to the
Mount Nebo Silk Manufacturing Co., located in South Manchester,
Connecticut. This firm was owned by the Cheney family, one of New
England's most enterprising and influential families. After a year,
he entered a second apprenticeship, this time with local machinist
Samuel Loomis.
In late 1850, Spencer returned to the employ of the Cheneys as a
machinist. During this period, he perfected several experimental
machine designs, and in the process, he developed what would be a
lifelong relationship with the Cheneys. At the advice of Frank
Cheney, Spencer worked as a toolmaker in Rochester, New York, then
as a machinist in the locomotive repair shops of the New York
Central Railroad. He also worked briefly for the N. P. Ames Company
of Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, where he received his first
formal experience with the manufacture of firearms. His next stop
was at the factory of Samuel Colt, where he helped to design many
of the specialized machines used in the production of Colt
revolvers. C
hristian renewed his employment with the Cheney family in 1854
when, at the age of 22, he became superintendent of his
benefactor's new silk ribbon manufactory in Hartford. During this
period, Spencer designed and patented a machine to attach labels to
spools, thus allowing one shop girl to do the work of three. The
Cheneys paid Spencer a $25 royalty on every machine he produced.
Although working 11 hour days six days per week, Spencer began to
experiment with an idea for a breech-loading repeating
firearm.
By 1859, with the encouragement of both his father and the
Cheneys, he had perfected a lever-action rolling block rifle
design, and on March 6, 1860, he was awarded a U.S. patent for his
work. With financial backing from his father, Ogden Spencer, a
prosperous wool merchant, Christian was able to secure the services
of Luke Wheelock, an experienced gunsmith, for the production of
prototype firearms. Spencer also befriended Richard S. Lawrence,
then superintendent of the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company, and
this association most likely influenced certain aspects of
Spencer's design.
By the spring of 1861, civil war had come to America, and the
Cheney family entered into a contract with Spencer in which all
rights and patents for Spencer's rifle design would be assigned to
them. In return, Spencer would receive a royalty of $1 for every
rifle produced. This was later lowered to 50 cents for each
military arm produced. The Cheneys had long been friends of Gideon
Welles, Secretary of the Navy in Abraham Lincoln's administration,
and this gave them, and Spencer's rifle, access to government
officials in Washington.
At this time, Spencer also contracted with Connecticut ammunition
makers Crittenden & Tibbals for the manufacture of a .56
caliber rimfire metallic cartridge for use in his rifle. In its
final form, the Spencer rifle employed a spring-loaded seven-shot
tubular magazine which was located in the buttstock, and a
lever-action which, when operated, ejected a spent cartridge and
chambered a fresh one. Manual cocking of the hammer then readied
the rifle for firing.
The stage was now set for Spencer's rise to fame. Through the
patronage of Secretary Welles, Spencer's rifle was successfully
tested by the Navy, resulting in the purchase of 1,000 guns. Army
trials followed in the spring of 1862, and this resulted in the
sale of an additional 10,000 guns. In addition, President Abraham
Lincoln also took part in a demonstration of the Spencer, firing
seven shots at a target forty yards away. This demonstration took
place on the Mall, near the site of the Washington Monument, and
resulted in Lincoln's personal endorsement of the arm. Spencer now
had contracts but no manufacturing facilities.
Once again, the Cheney family would prove to be indispensable to
Spencer, as Charles Cheney rented a portion of a piano factory in
Boston for production of Spencer firearms. After several delays,
the first shipment of Spencer carbines was delivered on December
31, 1862. Both Army and Navy placed additional orders during the
summer of 1863, and many other Spencer arms were purchased
privately.
By the end of the war, more than 144,000 Spencer rifles and
carbines had been manufactured; over two-thirds were purchased by
the U.S. government. To keep up with demand, Spencer subcontracted
some production to the Burnside Rifle Co. of Providence, Rhode
Island. Spencer rifles and carbines met with high praise from those
who were equipped with them, and with respect from those who faced
them in battle. In its first combat test, Spencer-armed Union
troops under the command of Colonel John Wilder earned the nickname
"Lightning Brigade" when they defeated a numerically superior
Confederate force at the Battle of Hoover's Gap, Tennessee on June
24, 1863.
One week later, Spencer rifles again saw action in the hands of
troopers of the 5th Michigan Cavalry Regiment of General George
Armstrong Custer's Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg. Wilder's
troops were called on again at the Battle of Chickamauga in
September, 1863, when they fought to hold the Union center in the
face of determined attacks by General James Longstreet's
Confederates. Spencer rifles and carbines also saw service with
several other Union infantry and cavalry regiments.
Although the South lacked the capacity to manufacture metallic
cartridges used by the Spencer, captured arms and ammunition saw
service with troops under the command of Colonel John Mosby, the
famed "Gray Ghost of the Confederacy," as well as with other units
and individuals. The effectiveness of the Spencer was greatly
increased by two other inventions, the Blakeslee cartridge box, and
the Stabler cut-off device. The Blakeslee cartridge box was
invented by Union cavalryman Erastus Blakeslee and consisted of a
leather-covered wood box containing six to ten tubes, each of which
held seven Spencer cartridges. Troops equipped with these boxes
could quickly reload the gun that, in the words of one awed
Confederate, could be "loaded on Sunday and fired all week."
Later Spencers, beginning with the Model 1865, were equipped with
a cut-off mechanism invented by Edward Stabler which, when engaged,
prevented the breechblock from moving far enough to chamber a
cartridge from the buttstock magazine. This device permitted the
Spencer to be used as a single-shot arm, with a full magazine held
in reserve. Spencer carbines continued to serve on the frontier
after the Civil War, but the firm's prodigious wartime output
contributed to a large post-war surplus.
Declining sales forced the Spencer Repeating Rifle Co. into
insolvency, and in October, 1868, all of the company's assets were
sold to the Fogerty Rifle Co. of Boston. Within a year, Fogerty's
assets were in turn purchased by Oliver Winchester, and Christian
Spencer agreed to assign all future repeating rifle designs or
improvements to Winchester. Spencer later returned to the firearms
industry with the formation of the Spencer Arms Co., which
manufactured his design for the first practical pump-action
shotgun. This firm was later sold to noted arms dealer Francis
Bannerman. Christian Spencer died on January 14, 1922.