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John Hagy Pennsylvania Kentucky Flintlock Rifle
John Hagy (also spelled Hagi or Hagay) manufactured rifles in Cocalico Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, between 1800 and 1806. This rifle features a curly maple stock and an English design lock with bridle.
Historians are in general agreement that Lancaster cradled the
Pennsylvania gunmaking industry, and that in Lancaster County the
long rifle first evolved from its rather clumsy European progenitor
to the graceful and unique American Kentucky. While this evolution
at first took rather slow, logical steps, soon the European Yaeger
rifle and the Kentucky had little in common. In Europe, rifles were
seldom used in warfare. As in America, they were primarily the gun
of the hunter - variously known as the Yaeger, Yager, Jager, or
Jaeger. Short-barrel rifles were preferred for the forest hunting
of central Europe, where the riffeln originated. The Swiss needed
somewhat longer barrel guns for hunting the chamois and other
Alpine game, but their rifles differed little from the
thick-stocked, heavy guns of their neighbors. Travel distances in
Europe were not especially great; supplies were easily obtained;
and hunters were generally wealthy.
The situation was quite different in the New World. American
riflemen, who were generally endowed with hope and courage rather
than material wealth, often traveled long distances through locales
lacking in supplies. The great need for a more accurate, more
economical rifle prompted Pennsylvania gunmakers work long hours at
their benches, trying new principles and shaping available
materials to new forms.
In the process, the traditional Yaeger rifle went through
transformations: The broad butt-stock was made thinner with
more efficient contour; the butt progressed from straight
musket-like form to a modified crescent. Easily damaged or lost
wood patch-box covers were replaced by lids of hinged brass or
silver. Trigger guards were reduced in size, given a rather
straight under-line, and made sturdier and simpler.
Forestocks were lengthened and slenderized, brass fore-ends
replacing bone or horn. Native maple replaced European
walnut, and a decorative tiger-stripe of dark red or brown was
applied where no natural curl or striping showed in the
grain.
It was found that maple that grew on thin rocky soil produced a
closer and curlier grain than trees native to open ground and heavy
soil. The trees were cut into 2" planks which were air-dried for 4
years before they were at their best. The charcoal iron barrels
were lengthened, and bores were made smaller. A slow twist was
employed for the rifling, of which the groove depth was often less
than that found on the Yaeger rifles. A heavier powder charge was
employed in relation to bore size. A survey of 200 barrels
indicates that they ranged from 40" to 44", with a very few as long
as 50". One-third had 7-groove rifling, one quarter had 8-groove
rifling, a very few had straight rifling, and the remaining one
third were smoothbores.
The fragile ivory, bone, and pearl decorative inlays of European
arms had no place in American guns. Coin silver or brass were used
sparingly for patch-boxes and inlays in the flintlock era, more
extensively in the percussion period. Slings, by which the short,
heavy European guns were usually carried, were eliminated on the
American long rifle.
In short, the Pennsylvania rifle was somewhat more accurate, used
less powder and lead, had longer range, and was of graceful contour
and handsome finish. It was for practical reasons, therefore, that
the average .65 caliber bore of European guns was eventually
reduced to an average .45 caliber bore typical in the
Pennsylvania-made guns. This was considered large enough for the
wild game or the hostile Indian. As larger game became more scarce,
bores were reduced further, or in some instances made smooth to use
shot.